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A residential gateway is a small consumer-grade gateway which bridges network access between connected local area network (LAN) hosts to a wide area network (WAN) (such as the Internet) via a modem, or directly connects to a WAN (as in EttH), while routing. The WAN is a larger computer network, generally operated by an Internet service provider.
History
[edit]The term residential gateway was popularized by Clifford Holliday in 1997 through his paper entitled "The residential gateway".[1]
Devices
[edit]
Multiple devices have been described as residential gateways:
- Cable modem
- DSL modem
- FTTx modem
- IP-DECT telephone (base station)
- Network switch
- Smart home hub
- TV/VoD set-top box
- Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) analog telephone adapter
- Wired router
- Wireless access point
- Wireless router[2]
A modem (e.g. DSL modem, cable modem) by itself provides none of the functions of a router.[3] It merely allows ATM or PPP or PPPoE traffic to be transmitted across telephone lines, cable wires, optical fibers, wireless radio frequencies, or other physical layers.[4] On the receiving end is another modem that re-converts the transmission format back into digital data packets.[5] This allows network bridging using telephone, cable, optical, and radio connection methods. The modem also provides handshake protocols, so that the devices on each end of the connection are able to recognize each other.[6] However, a modem generally provides few other network functions.
- A USB modem plugs into a single PC and allows a connection of that single PC to a WAN. If properly configured, the PC can also function as the router for a home LAN.
- An internal modem can be installed on a single PC (e.g. on a PCI card), also allowing that single PC to connect to a WAN.[7] Again, the PC can be configured to function as a router for a home LAN.
A cellular wireless access point can function in a similar fashion to a modem. It can allow a direct connection from a home LAN to a WWAN, if a wireless router or access point is present on the WAN as well and tethering is allowed.
Many modems now incorporate the features mentioned below and thus are appropriately described as residential gateways, such as some Internet providers which offer a cable modem router combo.[8]
Features
[edit]A residential gateway usually provides
- configuration via a web interface,[9] or app on mobile device.
- routing between the home network and the Internet.
- connectivity within the home network like a network switch, hub, or WLAN base station.
- network address translation (NAT),[10][11]
- DHCP for IPv4 and IPv6,[12][11] and
- firewall functions[11]
It may also provide other functions such as Dynamic DNS,[13] and converged triple play services such as TV and telephony.
Most gateways are self-contained components, using internally stored firmware. They are generally platform-independent, i.e., they can serve any operating system.
Wireless routers perform the same functions as a wired router and base station, but allow connectivity for wireless devices with the LAN, or as a bridge between the wireless router and another wireless router for a meshnet (the wireless router-wireless router connection can be within the LAN or can be between the LAN and WWAN).[14]
Security
[edit]Low-cost production and requirement for user friendliness make gateways vulnerable to network attacks, which resulted in large clusters of such devices being taken over and used to launch DDoS attacks.[15] A majority of the vulnerabilities were present in the web administration frontends of the routers, allowing unauthorized control either via default passwords, vendor backdoors, or web vulnerabilities.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Holliday, Clifford (May 1997), The residential gateway, IEEE
- ^ Wireless router is a combination of wired router and wireless access point.
- ^ Miller, Michael (2015). The Internet of Things: How Smart TVs, Smart Cars, Smart Homes, and Smart Cities Are Changing the World. Que Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 9780134021331.
- ^ Nagarajan, Ramesh; Ooghe, Sven (2008). "Next-generation access network architectures for video, voice, interactive gaming, and other emerging applications: Challenges and directions". Bell Labs Technical Journal. 13 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1002/bltj.20283. S2CID 10868763.
- ^ Penttinen, Jyrki T. J. (2015). The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems. John Wiley & Sons. p. 91. ISBN 9781118678886.
- ^ Warycka, Andy (August 29, 2013). "What Is Meant by a Handshaking Protocol?". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Lowe, Doug (2009). Networking For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 97. ISBN 9780470579916.
- ^ John, Neil (March 5, 2020). "Modem Router Combo vs Separate, is the combination unit better?". onecomputerguy.com. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Martin, Jim. "Can't access 192.168.1.1: how to change router settings including Wi-Fi password". PC Advisor. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ^ "NAT Router Security Solutions". Gibson Research Center. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
- ^ a b c Proenca, Jorge; Cruz, Tiago; Simoes, Paulo; Monteiro, Edmundo (2025-08-14). "Virtualization of Residential Gateways: A Comprehensive Survey". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 21 (2): 1462–1482. doi:10.1109/COMST.2018.2874827. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 69843289.
- ^ Madegwa, Clinton (August 14, 2019). "Beginner's guide to DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol". dignited.com. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Ou, George. "Make your home PCs accessible anywhere with Dynamic DNS for free". Techrepublic. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- ^ Pacchiano, Ronald; Van Winkle, William (October 12, 2020). "How to Set Up and Optimize Your Wireless Router for the Best Wi-Fi Performance". PCMag. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- ^ Gayer, Ofer (12 May 2015). "Lax Security Opens the Door for Mass Scale Abuse of SOHO Routers". www.incapsula.com. Retrieved 2025-08-14.
- ^ Niemietz, Marcus; Schwenk, Joerg (2015). "Owning Your Home Network: Router Security Revisited". arXiv:1506.04112 [cs.CR].
External links
[edit]- The Residential Gateway (a vision paper published in International Engineering Consortium’s 1996 Annual Review of Communications, p.457)
- Home Gateway Initiative, a group of broadband providers proposing specifications for residential gateways
- The Residential Home Gateway Archived 2025-08-14 at the Wayback Machine on About.com
